br Prevention by management If a parasite free status

Prevention by management If a parasite-free status of certain sea-food types can be documented the risk of anisakidosis should be significantly reduced. This may allow for the lifting of freezing regulations which are currently needed to inactivate anisakids. Aquacultured fish such as marine-cultured rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, sea bass, sea bream and turbot, which have been raised in isolation from infected prey organisms and have been fed exclusively heat treated and parasite-free feed pellets, are eligible through adequate documentation for parasite-free status (EFSA, 2010). However, one of the reasons that the problem with worm infected fish products is increasing in certain geographic areas is associated with the increasing populations of marine mammals. Seal beta-lactamase sizes in Iceland were previously shown to be correlated with P. decipiens infections (Hauksson, 2002, 2011). Similar associations were shown in Norway (Jensen and Idås, 1992) and recently grey seal population in the eastern Baltic sea has expanded significantly to around 50,000 individuals since the year 2000 leading to increased infections of P. decipiens and C. osculatum (Buchmann and Kania, 2012; Mehrdana et al., 2014; Horbowy et al., 2016). It is a local and relatively stationary seal population living together with a local and stationary cod population. Thus, the local cod population has experienced a marked increase of P. decipiens and C. osculatum infection levels.
Conflict of interests
Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the European Union\'s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 634429 (ParaFishControl). This output reflects only the authors\' view and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Fig. 1B was kindly supplied by Moonika H. Marana, Figs. 3A and 4C by Qusay M. Bahlool.
Introduction
Species capable of infecting humans
Discussion
Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Ray Gamble, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, and Alvin Gajadhar, Editor-in-Chief, Food and Waterborne Parasitology, for invitation to present an invited lecture at the XII European Multi-Colloquium of Parasitology in Turku, Finland in July 2016 and to publish this paper in the journal. Research of the authors was funded by the Czech Science Foundation (project No. P506/12/1632). Three anonymous reviewers provided very helpful and insightful suggestions that helped to improve the manuscript considerably.
Introduction Eight countries transcend the Arctic Circle currently at 66°33′46.2″, and/or the 10° July isotherm, the meteorological definition of Arctic. These are Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada and the State of Alaska (United States of America, USA). These very diverse countries range from having large metropolitan areas to remote small populations, some with indigenous people practicing a “traditional” lifestyle. Traditional activities such as hunting, fishing, and gathering (e.g. berries, mushrooms) are important culturally, economically, and nutritionally in indigenous peoples in all eight countries, and are also popular in non-indigenous ethnic groups. Untreated surface water is often used as a potable water source in northern communities in these countries. Some remote communities also have limited access to modern health care, such as medical imaging and sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, or veterinary services (Hotez, 2010). These multiple factors combine to contribute to a higher risk of exposure to zoonotic parasites, and more severe health consequences if infected. Tuberculosis screening campaigns in reindeer herders/indigenous people during the mid-20th century incidentally found many cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases in Fennoscandia, northern Canada and Alaska. Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has been observed in people in western Alaska and Russia. In this paper we explore the two species of the Echinococcus that have been identified in northern wildlife and in human populations in these seven countries and Alaska as a whole, not just restricted to the regions north of the Arctic Circle.