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    • Since the spoken language of the dolphin

    2018-11-09

    Since the spoken language of the dolphin consists of spectral extrema that act as phonemes, we can hypothesize that it rad51 has both phonological and grammatical structures, so dolphins can create an infinite number of words from a finite number of spectral extrema, which can in turn create an infinite number of sentences. The analysis of the dolphin spoken language in this study has revealed that it either directly or indirectly possesses all the known design features of the human spoken language. For comparison and illustration of the obtained results, let us consider again the table from Hockett\'s study [28] (see Table 2). The first column of the table lists the design features of the human spoken language first established by Hockett [28], and the other columns list the presence of these features in the communication systems of various animals. We should emphasize that all of these design features are present in the spoken language of the dolphin (and of the human).
    Conclusion As this language exhibits all the design features present in the human spoken language, this indicates a high level of intelligence and consciousness in dolphins, and their language can be ostensibly considered a highly developed spoken language, akin to the human language. This claim is supported by the fact that dolphins have possessed brains that are somewhat larger and more complex than human ones for more than 25 million years [49]. Due to this, for further research in this direction, humans must take the first step to establish relationships with the first intelligent inhabitants of the planet Earth by creating devices capable of overcoming the barriers that stand in the way of using languages and in the way of communications between dolphins and people.
    Introduction The sound conduction mechanisms in the middle ear of toothed whales have been studied in numerous papers. Several researchers of this problem believe that sound travels to the cochlea through the external auditory canal and the middle ear; another viewpoint is that the ear canals cannot at all participate in conducting sound to the middle ear [1] or serve for carrying signals with frequencies below 30kHz [2]. Other studies suggest that sound can be directly transmitted through the mandibular fat to the tympanic bone, bypassing the external auditory canals and the tympanic ligament [1–4]. Norris suggested [3] that sound can be transmitted to the mandibular fat through the mental foramina. Although this author later advanced another hypothesis about the pathway of sound transmission into the mandibular fat, directly through the posterolateral wall of the mandibular bone, in a specific place he called ‘an acoustic window’ [4]. Sound is transmitted through the mandibular fat to the lateral wall of the tympanic bone, where its thickness is minimal, and the wall acts as an eardrum, transmitting sound waves to the malleus of the middle ear [3–6]. It was also established that acoustic stimulation of the mandible excites significant evoked potentials in the central auditory system of the dolphin [1,4]. However, Refs. [1,4,7,8] disagreed on the location of the area of maximum sensitivity to the sounds emitted by a point source on the surface of the mandible, and the findings do not explain the mechanism of sound conduction. There is also a number of studies in which the authors claim that toothed whales receive echo signals by their teeth [9]. In these studies, each tooth is regarded as a passive resonator excited by the reflected echo signal and tooth nerves as acoustic pressure transducers. Each row of teeth is considered to be an equidistant antenna array consisting of receivers with a narrow directivity, whose signals are transmitted via the tooth nerves directly into the central nervous system (bypassing the cochlea). The results of the studies on the subject are thus rather ambiguous and contradictory, and the main question about the mechanisms of sound reception and conduction to the middle ear of toothed whales is currently unanswered. However, the findings of Refs. [10,12,13] suggest that sound travels to the mandibular fat of the dolphin through the mental foramina (MF) of the mandible.