fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase br Conclusion br Acknowledgments

Conclusion
Acknowledgments This research was funded by the STW Technology Foundation (Utrecht, The Netherlands) under the project identifier “CellSPRead #11260”. Special thanks goes to Ellen Coenen for critical reading of the manuscript.
Introduction Nanowire transistors are being successfully used in bio-chemical sensing applications for many years. It has been proved effective as a sensing device in a variety of applications such as sensitive detection of viruses [1], ultra-sensitive detection of a bacterial toxin [2], pH sensing [3], DNA sensing [4], label-free detection of protein molecules [5] and sensing of many other biological and chemical species. Due to the promising features of nanowire as a bio-sensing device, a number of studies have been performed on the analysis of its sensitivity. The size dependence of nanowire sensor for biomolecule detection has been analysed experimentally [6]. Semi-classical modelling of nanowire conductance change due to the capture of bio-molecules on its surface considers the effects of surrounding fluidic environment and electrolyte concentration along with the sensor\'s device parameters [7]. Analytical model of conductance based on global charge neutrality condition shows the optimization procedure of nanowire performance by tuning doping concentration and different structural parameters [8]. Numerical study on the operation of Si nanowire biosensor based on different physical models describes the key factors and their contribution on the sensitivity, linearity and stability of these sensors [9]. Biasing a nanowire FET in different regions of a device, it has been found that sub-threshold region is the optimum one for the sensing purposes [10].
Electrostatic potential model The model suggested here for the radial electrostatic potential of a Silicon (Si) nanowire considers a cylindrical gate all around (GAA) structure with a P type doping in its body. We consider the conventional definition of the subthreshold region which says that it exists in a device in its depletion region until the device becomes inverted strongly [11]. The gate voltage ranges from the flat band to the threshold level to keep a semiconductor device in the subthreshold region [12].In the subthreshold region, the inner volume of a nanowire remains partially depleted up to a certain voltage level which causes its depletion width to reach the centre of the device. With the further increase in the gate voltage, the device becomes fully depleted and starts to gather fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase charges. Our proposed model separately calculates the radial electrostatic potential of the nanowire for the two depleted conditions defined above. This potential calculation requires Poisson\'s equation to be solved in cylindrical coordinates due to our device consideration. Poisson\'s equation considers just the fixed charges of doping atom for the both parts of the subthreshold region. This consideration is valid for the whole subthreshold region because in the partially depleted condition the device is not inverted yet and in the fully depleted condition, inversion charges though present but still can be safely neglected for a particular range of doping concentration [13].
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Introduction Detection of biomolecular binding, the adsorption of thin bio-films or conformational changes of macromolecules is of high interest in various branches of biology, medicine and pharmacy [1]. One possible detection method is based on the optical spectroscopy of metallic structures exhibiting surface plasmon resonances [2]. It represents a label-free approach, with rather high sensitivity in comparison to other label-free techniques. In this detection scheme, the molecular binding occurs near the surface of the metallic structures, in which the light is captured in the form of surface plasmon polaritons. The excitation of the surface plasmon polaritons requires specific illumination conditions such as illumination wavelengths and incident angles. These excitations are also strongly sensitive on the presence of the molecules on the surface, and therefore, the changes in the plasmon excitation indicate molecular adsorption events. The established method of such sensing (a wide range of commercial products is available on the market [3,4]) is by using thin smooth metallic layers [5,6] (propagating surface plasmon resonance — pSPR), which achieve remarkably low limits of detection. However, this basic geometry of the metallic structure does reach its maximal sensitivity for very small molecules (few nanometers), because the spatial confinement of the plasmon modes (~several hundred nm) is still much larger than these molecules (~few nm) and complex immobilization strategies using thick hydrogels are used to compensate the spatial mismatch. Avoiding the critical surface chemistry, this could be also overcome by either structuring the smooth layers or by using more spatially confined nanostructures (exhibiting localized surface plasmon resonances — lSPR) instead of metallic layers [7–12].